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Der moralische (oder präziser: der metaethische) Relativismus erfreut sich außerhalb philosophischer Fachkreise großer Beliebtheit. Innerhalb der akademischen Philosophie steht der Relativismus dagegen in denkbar schlechtem Rufe. Die Fachdiskussion beschränkt sich zumeist darauf, den Relativismus mit Bezug auf semantische Überlegungen wieder aus der Debatte zu verbannen, um sich dann den angeblich wirklich relevanten Alternativen in der Metaethik zuzuwenden (Realismus, Irrtumstheorie, Expressivismus). Diese Arbeit bemüht sich darum, den metaethischen Relativismus als ernstzunehmende Position innerhalb der metaethischen Debatte zu etablieren. Teil I handelt zunächst von den Gründen, an einem Objektivismus in der Moral zu zweifeln. Argumente gegen den Objektivismus werden kritisch untersucht und teils verworfen, teils als stichhaltig herausgestellt. Teil II wendet sich im Anschluss an aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Semantik den theoretischen Ressourcen zu, die der metaethische Relativismus zur Verteidigung gegen das sogenannten "Argument aus der verlorenen Meinungsverschiedenheit" nutzen kann. Die These der Arbeit lautet: Es gibt Grund am Objektivismus zu zweifeln und der Relativismus stellt eine plausible Alternative dar. Moral relativism enjoys great popularity outside academic philosophy. In metaethics, by contrast, relativistic attempts to conceptualize morality have been rapidly discarded as a subject of consideration. This study aims to restore metaethical relativism in the field of discourse, to examine its motivations and boundaries, and to take a clear look at its theoretical potentials.

Ethical relativism. --- Morality. --- difference of opinion. --- objectivism. --- semantics.

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Evolution and Human Culture argues that values, beliefs, and practices are expressions of individual and shared moral sentiments. Much of our cultural production stems from what in early hominins was a caring tendency, both the care to share and a self-care to challenge others. Topics cover prehistory, mind, biology, morality, comparative primatology, art, and aesthetics. The book is valuable to students and scholars in the arts, including moral philosophers, who would benefit from reading about scientific developments that impact their fields. For biologists and social scientists the book provides a window into how scientific research contributes to understanding the arts and humanities. The take-home point is that culture does not transcend nature; rather, culture is an evolved moral behavior.

Ethics, Evolutionary --- Culture. --- Cognition --- Aesthetics --- Morale évolutive --- Culture --- Esthétique --- Ethics, Evolutionary. --- Cognition. --- Aesthetics. --- Radio broadcasting Aesthetics --- Psychology --- Cultural sociology --- Sociology of culture --- Civilization --- Popular culture --- Ethics, Naturalistic --- Evolutionary ethics --- Naturalistic ethics --- Ethics --- Ethical relativism --- Social aspects

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The Mystery of Moral Authority argues for a sceptical and pragmatic view of morality as an all-too-human institution. Searching, intellectually rigorous, and always fair to rival views, it represents the state of the art in a tradition of moral philosophy that includes Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, and J.L. Mackie.

Philosophy. --- Ethics. --- Religion --- Political philosophy. --- Social sciences --- Moral Philosophy. --- Political Philosophy. --- Social Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Religion. --- Ethical relativism. --- Naturalism. --- Divine commands (Ethics) --- Metaethics. --- Meta-ethics --- Divine command theory of ethics --- Theological voluntarism --- Moral relativism --- Relativism, Ethical --- Relativity (Ethics) --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Ethics --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Religion and ethics --- God --- Materialism --- Mechanism (Philosophy) --- Positivism --- Science --- Ethics, Evolutionary --- Will --- Political science --- Social sciences-Philosophy. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Political philosophy --- Social sciences—Philosophy. --- Religion—Philosophy.